Amendment 3 - Everybody Must Get Stoned

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topic...usions,American Psychiatric Association, 2022).



Addiction
Adrianna Mendrek, Liana Fattore, inCurrent Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 2017

Cannabis
Several lines of evidence have linked cannabis abuse to the subsequent development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and to the presence of sub-clinical psychotic symptoms [18,19]. Sex/gender does not seem to be related to the age at onset of cannabis-induced psychosis (unlike primary psychosis), but in a 3-year follow-up study of over 500 cases of cannabis-induced psychosis, men had much higher rates of transition to schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (48%) than women (30%), and the risk was higher in younger relative to older men [20]. More recently, Patel et al. [21] investigated a sample of over 2000 first-episode psychosis and found that 46% were using cannabis. Cannabis use was associated with being young, male and single and with increased number of hospitalizations over a 5-year follow-up.

 

Kids should not be drinking, smoking, or doing any other drugs for that matter. Does that justify arresting adults, locking them up, and giving them criminal records?

 

20 years ago was 2004. I can promise you weed was crazy potent back then too.

 

Is anybody here, including gatorpa, advocating this?

 

Recreational marijuana use by adults is a crime in Florida. That results in people getting arrested, going to jail, and having criminal records. Our legislature and Governor support maintaining its criminal status - as do millions of voters. Do you really think no one on this board wants it to be criminal? I suppose we could do a poll, but what are the statistical odds of that when it’s currently illegal?

I won’t try to speak for gatorpa specifically. But he has clearly and consistently been very anti marijuana in threads regarding legalization. If he supports legalization or even some form of decriminalization, he can tell us. I’d be happy to concede I misunderstood and that we all agree.

 

If you look up thread I even said I don’t think possession should be illegal.

Now I’ll qualify that in that’s possession of large quantities shoulder have some legal consequences.

 

Psychosis / Schizophrenia
Association between non-medical cannabis legalization and emergency department visits for cannabis-induced psychosis, 2023, July 27

• Young men at highest risk of schizophrenia linked with cannabis use disorder 2023, May 4 – Researchers found strong evidence of an association between cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia among men and women, though the association was much stronger among young men. Using statistical models, the study authors estimated that as many as 30% of cases of schizophrenia among men aged 21-30 might have been prevented by averting cannabis use disorder.
• A Cannabinoid Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Pathways to Psychosis 2022, Jul -Sep
• Adolescent cannabis use and later development of schizophrenia: An updated systematic review of longitudinal studies 2022, January

• Nurture Over Nature: Environment Plays Greater Role in Teen Psychosis 2022, August
• Impact of cannabis legalization on healthcare utilization for psychosis and schizophrenia in Colorado. 2022, June

• Geographical variation in hospitalization for psychosis associated with cannabis use and cannabis legalization in the United States: Submit to: Psychiatry Research 2022, January

• Development Over Time of the Population-Attributable Risk Fraction for Cannabis Use Disorder in Schizophrenia in Denmark 2021, July

• Cannabis use in adolescence and risk of psychosis: Are there factors that moderate this relationship? A systematic review and meta-analysis 2022, Feb

• Cannabis use in children and adolescents with first episode psychosis: influence on psychopathology and short-term outcome (CAFEPS study) 2009, Sept

A Cannabinoid Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Pathways to Psychosis

High potency cannabis products, which are increasingly accessible to children and adolescents worldwide, produce a diversity of deleterious effects on the developing brain. States that have medicalized, decriminalized, and legalized cannabis have observed softened attitudes, increased acceptance, expanded indiscriminate use, and increased rates of hospitalization for first-episode psychosis.42,43 Understanding the putative pathways for cannabis-induced psychosis might lead to targeted therapeutic interventions. Disseminating scientific information concerning the broad spectrum of cannabis-induced cognitive deficits and risks of enduring serious mental illness might prevent the onset of schizophrenia in susceptible individuals.

Adolescent cannabis use and later development of schizophrenia: An updated systematic review of longitudinal studies

Conclusion
Both high- and low-frequency marijuana usage were associated with a significantly increased risk of schizophrenia. The frequency of use among high- and low-frequency users is similar in both, demonstrating statistically significant increased risk in developing schizophrenia.



Development Over Time of the Population-Attributable Risk Fraction for Cannabis Use Disorder in Schizophrenia in Denmark

Conclusions and Relevance The results from these longitudinal analyses show the proportion of cases of schizophrenia associated with cannabis use disorder has increased 3- to 4-fold during the past 2 decades, which is expected given previously described increases in the use and potency of cannabis. This finding has important ramifications regarding legalization and control of use of cannabis.



Cannabis use in adolescence and risk of psychosis: Are there factors that moderate this relationship? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Conclusion: Adolescent cannabis use is associated with an increased risk for psychosis later in life. In addition, there are factors that moderate this relationship; therefore there is a need for research to assess the interaction between these factors, adolescent cannabis use and psychosis risk.

Nurture Over Nature: Environment Plays Greater Role in Teen Psychosis

Genetics contributed less with more exposures to environmental risk factors, research suggests

Environmental risk factors may play a larger role than genetic factors in the development of psychotic experiences in adolescents, according to a twin study in Europe.

Among over 11,000 twin pairs, the relative contribution of genetic influences to cognitive disorganization was 47% in those with no exposure to environmental risk factors — such as bullying, dependent life

 

Is it true that marijuana triggers transient psychotic episodes?
Dr. Christine Miller

Yes. Even with the low-strength pot common in the last century, 15% of users reported psychotic episodes: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S037687169601277X?via=ihub
But the proof would have to await studies in the clinic, where it was found that administration of a moderate dose of pure THC would elicit transient psychotic symptoms in study subjects:
https://www.nature.com/articles/1300496.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3055738/pdf/npp2010222a.pdf
Induction of Psychosis byΔ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Reflects Modulation of Prefrontal and Striatal Function During Attentional Salience Processing
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4332941/pdf/sbu098.pdf

Is there also a link to chronic psychosis (schizophrenia) in adolescent use?
Yes, and not just in adolescents. For a long while, the psychiatric community was unsure of the causal basis for the connection because studying cause and effect is a complicated endeavor. It was important to find out if there was a greater effect at a higher dose, which would indicate causality, and such a relationship was confirmed:
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(87)92620-1/fulltext
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC135493/pdf/1212.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3877688/pdf/nihms534094.pdf
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(14)00117-5/fulltext
Meta-analysis of the Association Between the Level of Cannabis Use and Risk of Psychosis - PMC


Another element of the causal connection was to determine which came first, the marijuana use or the psychosis:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539839/pdf/bmj33000011.pdf
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridgecore/content/view/D5CAA12A5F424146DABB9C6A6AB4CB56/S0007125017000526a.pdf/adolescen
t_cannabis_use_baseline_prodromal_symptoms_and_the_risk_of_psychosis.pdf

Those at the forefront of such studies were eventually convinced that the association was causal:
https://www.researchgate.net/public...ychosis_What_do_we_know_and_what_should_we_do
The consensus is that use of marijuana with a THC content over 10% increases the risk of a psychotic disorder by 4 to 5-fold:
Meta-analysis of the Association Between the Level of Cannabis Use and Risk of Psychosis - PMC
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(14)00117-5/fulltext

How does marijuana compare to other drugs that are associated with psychosis (LSD,
cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, PCP)?
Marijuana is more likely to lead to chronic psychosis than any other drug studied. About half of those who experience a marijuana-induced psychotic break will eventually develop a schizophrenia spectrum disorder:
Substance-Induced Psychoses Converting Into Schizophrenia: A Register-Based Study of 18,478 Finnish Inpatient Cases
https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17020223?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpub
med&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=ajp

Does having schizophrenia in your genetics mean that you would have manifested the
disorder anyway?
No one is predestined to develop schizophrenia based on their genetics. Even if you have an
identical twin who develops schizophrenia, only about half the time will the other twin develop schizophrenia as well. Environmental factors, like marijuana, can make the difference between leading a normal life and not.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC335617/pdf/pnas00677-0218.pdf
For clinical studies showing that THC can cause psychotic symptoms in people with no family history, see:

https://www.nature.com/articles/1300496.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3055738/pdf/npp2010222a.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4332941/pdf/sbu098.pdf


In Denmark, they found that for those who experienced psychosis from marijuana, a family history of psychosis did not determine who progressed to developing schizophrenia; very many became schizophrenic from marijuana without having a family history:
http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/65/11/1269

https://everybrainmatters.org/cannabis-science/marijuana-psychosis-schizophrenia/

 

Conclusions and Relevance To our knowledge, this study provides the first general population evidence suggesting that the use of high-potency cannabis is associated with mental health and addiction. Limiting the availability of high-potency cannabis may be associated with a reduction in the number of individuals who develop cannabis use disorders, the prevention of cannabis use from escalating to a regular behavior, and a reduction in the risk of mental health disorders.

The Bradford Hill Analysis of Causation Applied to Cannabis Use and
the Development of Chronic Psychotic Disorders
Christine L. Miller, Ph.D., Catherine Antley, MD and Dean Whitlock (editor)
with a review and contributions from Carsten Hjorthoj, Ph.D., Associate Professor,
Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, University of Copenhagen
2.-Applying-the-Bradford-Hill-Elements-of-Causation-to-Cannabis-causing-psychosis-Edition-2-6-4-21-1Download



Before Maryland legalizes marijuana it should consider this: Pot is linked to psychosis
By Christine L. Miller

Baltimore Sun

Apr 18, 2019

As Maryland legislators appointed to the “Cannabis Workgroup” begin their study of the pros and cons of marijuana legalization, they should pay particular attention to the mental health risks of this drug. Unfortunately, they may not have heard much about the epidemiology of psychosis associated with marijuana use, since relevant U.S. expertise lags behind Western Europe, Canada and a couple of countries in the southern hemisphere.

Epidemiological studies are observational, not interventional, so our slow entry into the field has nothing to do with the illegal status of marijuana. Instead, I would point to our lack of centralized health care, which would otherwise facilitate collection of data on large populations — data pertaining to health status, history of health-related habits and key demographics. Another factor is how biomedical research here is tightly coupled to the pharmaceutical industry, a sector less interested in environmental factors that cause disease than in developing blockbuster drugs.

From the perspective of many of us who have researched the causes of psychosis in the laboratory or in clinical settings, the book by journalist Alex Berenson “Tell Your Children the Truth About Marijuana, Mental Illness, and Violence” provides an important wake-up call for America. The former New York Times business reporter wrote it after his psychiatrist wife suggested he learn more about the topic. But it’s a lone voice of caution on the national stage. While Medical associations in the U.S. have issued position papers citing harms of marijuana, these documents are largely buried in their websites out of view.

Here’s what you should know: Researchers looking for a dose-response correlation found that the heavier the marijuana use, and the more potent the product, the more likely a psychotic outcome like schizophrenia. Daily use of potencies considered moderate by current U.S. standards increases risk 4– to 5-fold.

Some will argue that individuals with psychosis who use marijuana are merely self-medicating pre-existing symptoms, despite research showing symptoms remit for many who quit using, and return if they use again. Studies in Europe and New Zealand of thousands of teens followed through young adulthood, demonstrated the marijuana habit preceded psychosis in the majority of marijuana users who developed it.

Yes, initial psychotic symptoms associated with marijuana are usually temporary, and only 12 percent to 15 percent of users reported these transient symptoms with lower strength marijuana common in the 1900s — symptoms like paranoia, delusions or auditory hallucinations. But 35 percent of those who experience such occasional symptoms can be expected to transition to a full psychotic break, a cluster of intense symptoms happening at once

Three studies from Finland and Denmark, again totaling thousands of subjects, further demonstrated that nearly half of those who experience a psychotic break from marijuana progress to actual schizophrenia, a progression shown to be independent of a familial history of psychosis.



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There is a canary in the coal mine and it’s barely breathing right now.

HPTHC isn’t good, it’s not the same thing as the “crippy”

I posted numerous links to studies showing this.
People can defend their drug of choice and call for “freedom” all they want.
Nobody can say “we didn’t know” or use some false equivalence to justify HPTHC.

Follow the science

 

I don’t know about some of the right wing nut jobs on here. Some of them I have blocked so I don’t see what they say.

The issue is in order to support their goal for legalization, which again, I support, people are covering up the real risks in heavy use, use among young adults as well as those that have other underlying mental health issues. Alcohol and tobacco are legal but there is a lot of attention given to their dangers - so if you choose to use them it’s not likely because you aren’t aware of their issues. With pot the propaganda that it is harmless has become entrenched among supporters and at times borders on disinformation.

I support legalization, but I don’t think someone who prefers more limited legalization plus regulation, or decriminalization vs legalization are taking unreasonable positions. I would agree throwing people in jail for pot or giving them a criminal record is unreasonable and counter productive on many levels.

 

Appreciate you posting good stuff.

 

Just trying to get some facts out.
Things are not the same as they were 20-30 years ago.

 

That doesn’t surprise me. lol

 

I may have heard you talking about that if I didn’t hear your dad ask you to get him some when he kicked you out of your room and sent you to the couch.

 

She is looking good.

 

she has a trip booked for Barcelona, England & Scotland for 2025 when she'll be 88!! She is wringing every last drop outta life.

 

was that the drunken weekend in Gville with pops & my punk rock jax friends?

 

Fair. I don't claim it’s completely harmless by the way. For example, there is a particular risk for kids based on what I’ve read.

Selling to kids will obviously remain illegal. I am fine with some laws and regulations regarding potency as well. One thing that’s interesting to me is that there are various delta and THCA vapes and edibles out there that are popular and remain legal in Florida.

 

Yep, delta 8/10 ThCA may be even worse. FDA has warnings about those. 2016 farm bill left a loop hole and all of that stuff is completely chemically processed to concentrate those derivatives.

 

I am a little vague on the details but maybe?